Lithium-ion batteries play a pivotal role in the transition to an electric future, powering everything from smartphones to electric vehicles (EVs). While they offer remarkable convenience, these batteries also come with significant risks. A tragic incident involving a UPS 747, where two crew members lost their lives due to a lithium battery fire in the cargo hold, underscores these dangers. This accident occurred on September 3, 2010, near Dubai.

Following the crash, UPS implemented measures such as using fireproof cargo containers and improving cockpit safety equipment, including easier-to-use smoke hoods and oxygen masks.

With the growing prevalence of lithium-ion batteries in our devices and vehicles, it's vital to recognize the associated risks and the preventive measures that can be adopted to avoid fires.

Damage: Snap, Crackle, Torch

Lithium-ion batteries contain flammable electrolytes and reactive lithium salts, which can ignite a severe exothermic reaction if the battery is compromised, overcharged, or subjected to high heat (for instance, leaving a phone in direct sunlight). Such reactions can trigger thermal runaway, where temperature and pressure rise rapidly within the battery, potentially leading to an explosion or fire.

The inherent volatility of lithium batteries poses fire hazards ranging from minor burns to the complete destruction of devices or vehicles.

To minimize fire risks, consider the following precautions:

1. Adhere to recommended charging and storage practices.
2. Ensure that devices and vehicles are equipped with safety features, including thermal monitoring systems and fire suppression technologies, to avert thermal runaway and mitigate fire damage.

Danger: Lithium Temper Tantrum

When ignited, lithium can burn at temperatures exceeding 1500 degrees Celsius (2732 degrees Fahrenheit), leading to severe burns and injuries to eyes, lungs, and other organs. Additionally, lithium battery fires can emit toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, which may cause respiratory issues or even fatalities.

These fires present unique challenges for first responders. Due to their extreme heat and volatility, standard firefighting techniques can be ineffective or even hazardous.

First responders require specialized training and personal protective equipment (PPE) to handle these situations effectively. Familiarity with lithium-ion battery properties and associated risks is essential, along with appropriate firefighting gear. As previously stated, devices and vehicles must have sufficient fire safety features to prevent thermal runaway and minimize fire-related damage.

EV Battery Failures: Know The Risks and Regulations

The movement toward electric vehicles is gaining momentum, driven by citizens and national governments alike. Many manufacturers are producing EVs equipped with lithium-ion batteries, which offer numerous advantages, including zero emissions during use and lower operating costs compared to traditional hydrocarbon vehicles.

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has reported several incidents related to lithium-ion battery fires in EVs. A notable case occurred on March 23, 2018, in California, when an SUV EV collided with a concrete barrier, rupturing its battery and igniting flames that reached five feet high. The driver succumbed to injuries from the accident. Such events highlight the critical need for robust battery containment and safety measures in EVs, along with adequate training and equipment for first responders.

Standards such as ANSI/UL-2580, titled “The Standard for Safety: Batteries for Use in Electric Vehicles,” and the SAE International Standard J2929, outline essential safety criteria for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. These regulations ensure that single-point failures do not result in fires, explosions, or ruptures of battery enclosures. Other relevant safety standards include SAE — 1766, J2380, J2344, J2464, ANSI/UL — 2271, and ISO — 1649–1, 1649–3.

Furthermore, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has restricted the size of lithium-ion batteries allowed on aircraft, capping them at a rating of 100 watt hours (Wh) per battery. The FAA has also published guidelines for onboard lithium battery systems and equipment, including AC 20–184, which offers guidance on testing and installing rechargeable lithium battery systems in aircraft.

The risks associated with lithium battery fires are significant, necessitating comprehensive safety protocols for devices (e.g., phones) and EVs powered by lithium-ion batteries. Adhering to established guidelines for training and equipping first responders is crucial. By understanding the risks and complying with regulations, we can safely harness the benefits of lithium-ion technology for our electric future.

References:

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