Chapter 1: An Overview of Modern Criticism

In recent discussions, Stoicism has come under fire from various commentators. I myself have penned a few critiques. However, a particularly noteworthy piece published on June 15, 2022, by Henry Gruber titled "Don’t be stoic: Roman Stoicism’s origins show its perniciousness," appeared in the popular online magazine Aeon. This article represents a trend in contemporary criticism that, while primarily targeting Stoicism, implicitly critiques nearly all ancient wisdom traditions, especially those from ancient Greece. It suggests that these eudaemonic philosophies claim the good life can be achieved through specific practices aligned with the right philosophical perspective.

The article asserts, “the appeal of Stoicism lies in its therapeutic aspects: cognitive behavioral therapy or Buddhism for those in togas.” This therapeutic characteristic is also shared by other ancient philosophies, such as Buddhism, and it is this aspect that forms the crux of the article's critique. The article's thesis is quite striking:

"Despite the advantages of Stoic spiritual exercises, one should not embrace Stoicism. The practices and wise sayings that can be so comforting during difficult times mask a harmful philosophy. While individual stoics may experience less pain, they do so by numbing themselves to the world's injustices."

Thus, any philosophy that alleviates pain is deemed harmful, as it leads to an acceptance of the world's injustices. This is a substantial and unfounded leap.

The Buddha famously articulated that life involves dukkha (suffering and instability). Philosophers like the Pyrrhonists and Epicureans argue that the goal of their teachings is ataraxia (freedom from disturbance and mental anguish). The quest to alleviate suffering was also a significant concern for ancient Greek thinkers, including the Aristotelians, Cyrenaics, and Stoics. The Stoics likened life’s challenges to a dog tethered to a cart: whether the dog wishes to follow or not, it is compelled by forces beyond its control.

Isn’t it evident? We do not choose our birth circumstances, our families, or the significant events that shape our lives, such as wars or pandemics. Even advocates of free will acknowledge the multitude of factors beyond our control.

Yet, Gruber contends that easing the suffering caused by uncontrollable circumstances is “pernicious” because these injustices should not be accepted. This perspective is not unique to Gruber; Martin Hägglund expresses similar views regarding Stoicism (and other wisdom traditions) in his award-winning work, "This Life: Secular Faith and Spiritual Freedom." Furthermore, Catherine Wilson echoes these sentiments in her book, "How to Be an Epicurean," criticizing the Epicurean stance of avoiding political engagement.

Epicurus himself stated in #33 of his Principal Doctrines, "There never was such a thing as absolute justice, but only agreements made in mutual dealings among men at various times and places to prevent harm."

Gruber fails to clarify the philosophical stance from which he critiques Stoicism. Comments on his article suggest a leftist viewpoint, which may be accurate, but it is also important to recognize a Gnostic influence in his critique.

The ancient Gnostics perceived the material world as flawed or evil—what Gruber would term unjust. They coexisted with Roman Stoics like Epictetus and Seneca. In this way, Gruber’s views reflect a modern continuation of an ancient religious perspective, just as the Stoicism he critiques carries forward an ancient philosophical lineage.

The Gnostics sought salvation through direct knowledge of a supreme divinity, often gained through mystical insights. This approach contrasts sharply with the rational methodologies of Greek philosophy. Modern Gnostics abandon the concept of divinity but cling to the belief in systemic injustice, treating this insight as paramount, even sacred. Consequently, they advocate perpetual outrage, deeming any philosophy or therapy that mitigates this outrage as harmful.

Epicurus stated, “Empty is that philosopher’s argument by which no human suffering is therapeutically treated. Just as a medical art is of no value if it does not cure physical ailments, philosophy must also address the soul's suffering to be worthwhile.”

We would do well to heed his guidance and dismiss this contemporary Gnosticism as devoid of substance.

The first video titled "49 Modern Rules from Ancient Wisdom to Make Your Job a Bit Less Annoying" explores practical applications of ancient wisdom in modern work life, encouraging viewers to find balance and fulfillment.

The second video "Don't Force Anything: The Art of Letting Things Happen" discusses the importance of patience and acceptance, drawing insights from ancient philosophies to navigate life’s challenges.